Agentes químicos que dañan al ADN: inducción de genotoxicidad en la vida diaria, riesgo y prevención
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
Los agentes genotóxicos son sustancias que tienen la capacidad de inducir daño en el ADN;
este daño puede ser causado por agentes químicos, biológicos y físicos. Su capacidad de
inducir daño está influida por la dosis recibida, el tiempo y la vía de exposición, y la constitución
genética del individuo, y puede estar relacionada con hábitos de vida y el lugar de residencia.
Relacionado directamente con la genotoxicidad está la epigenética; esta ciencia es el estudio
de los cambios en la función de los genes que son hereditarias y que no se pueden atribuir a
alteraciones de la secuencia de nucleótidos en el ADN. Estos procesos regulan la expresión
de genes por medio de la modulación de la estructura de la cromatina. La interacción de
factores genéticos y no genéticos involucrados en el control de patrones hereditarios puede
degenerar en enfermedades o trastornos complejos como cáncer, infertilidad, procesos
inflamatorios, enfermedades degenerativas y disrupción endocrina, padecimientos que pueden
ser transmitidos a la descendencia. Varios estudios epidemiológicos han demostrado que los
cambios en el estilo de vida y los hábitos alimentarios podrían prevenir o reducir la incidencia
del cáncer, especialmente mediante el aumento del nivel de antioxidantes y disminuyendo
la formación de radicales libres con efecto intracelular. En el Centro de Investigación en
Biotecnología del Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica se investigan diversos agentes genotóxicos
a los cuales está expuesto la población en Costa Rica, incluyendo bacterias como Helicobacter
pylori, microplásticos en especies marinas de consumo humano, y metales pesados en aguas
potables y en suelos. Estas investigaciones son relevantes para determinar la presencia de
estos agentes genotóxicos en el país, evaluar el riesgo de exposición de la población, y así
generar estrategias de prevención y mitigación del daño.
Detalles del artículo
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