Optimization of somatic embryogenesis in Coffea arabica: evaluation of leaf explant orientation and origin
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Abstract
Coffee (C. arabica) farming in Costa Rica is facing several challenges due to climatic changes
and market fluctuations. The search for higher quality and more resistant varieties has led to
the research of new alternative propagation methods, such as somatic embryogenesis (SE),
which allows the generation of new subspecies under controlled laboratory conditions. Direct
propagation, without callus, has a significant influence on explant success depending on leaf
orientation and the origin of the sample. To prove this, this work evaluates the effect of the adaxial
and abaxial orientation of C. arabica leaves obtained from distal, proximal and medial points
of vitroplants for the induction of direct somatic embryogenesis. Leaf sections were placed into
supplemented Murashige and Skoog (MS) culture medium. Multivariate analysis was performed
to know which combination of treatments led to a better response to SE, and it is shown using a
heat map. About 36% regeneration callus was produced by introducing explants in adaxial form
with decreased oxidation. Furthermore, distal and medial parts exhibited higher regenerative
capacity. Adaxial orientation of C. arabica leaves promoted somatic embryo induction possibly
by enhancing gas exchange due to hypostomatic leaf feature. By optimizing this protocol, the
plant introduction process from leaves may beimproved with a higher expected success rate.
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