Computational modeling of grounding systems transient response using equivalent circuits
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
To enable the modeling of grounding systems in systemic studies and transient calculations and to increase the accuracy and reliability of the models used, equivalent circuits must be studied in order to enable the representation of dynamic effects, frequency dependence of soil parameters and soil ionization. In this sense, this paper presents a methodology that combines electromagnetic simulation solved by finite-element method (FEM) with a time-domain optimization step, which makes it possible to obtain equivalent circuits for grounding systems in the design stage. The methodology was evaluated using two case studies. Initially, three different circuit topologies had their parameters adjusted from simulations of the response of a single-rod grounding system for different levels of soil resistivity. The proposed methodology proved to be flexible and adequate to the represent soils with a wide range of resistivity values, with error levels lower than 2%. Then, the applicability of the methodology to model a non-linear response associated with soil ionization was demonstrated. The results show that the insertion of improved circuit models allows for greater reliability in the planning of electrical power systems.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Los autores conservan los derechos de autor y ceden a la revista el derecho de la primera publicación y pueda editarlo, reproducirlo, distribuirlo, exhibirlo y comunicarlo en el país y en el extranjero mediante medios impresos y electrónicos. Asimismo, asumen el compromiso sobre cualquier litigio o reclamación relacionada con derechos de propiedad intelectual, exonerando de responsabilidad a la Editorial Tecnológica de Costa Rica. Además, se establece que los autores pueden realizar otros acuerdos contractuales independientes y adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión del artículo publicado en esta revista (p. ej., incluirlo en un repositorio institucional o publicarlo en un libro) siempre que indiquen claramente que el trabajo se publicó por primera vez en esta revista.
References
A. R. Hileman, Insulation coordination for power systems. CRC Press,1999.
H. Griffiths e N. Pilling, “Earthing,” in Advances in High Voltage Engineering, A. Haddad and D. Warne, Eds., Stevenage, UK: The Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2004.
T. A. Papadopoulos et al., “Impact of the Frequency-Dependent Soil Electrical Properties on the Electromagnetic Field Propagation in Underground Cables,” in International Conference on Power Systems Transients (IPST2019) in Perpignan, France June 17-20, 2019.
A. Haddad et al., “Power System Test Cases for EMT-type Simulation Studies,” in International Conference on Power Systems Transients (IPST2019) in Perpignan, France June 17-20, 2019.
J. Mahseredjian, V. Dinavahi, and J.A. Martinez, “Simulation Tools for Electromagnetic Transients in Power Systems: Overview and Challenges,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 24, issue 3, pp. 1657-1669, Jul. 2009. in International Conference on Power Systems Transients (IPST2019) in Perpignan, France June 17-20, 2019.
M. Ghomi et al., “Full-Wave Modeling of Grounding System: Evaluation The Effects of Multi-Layer Soil and Length of Electrode on Ground Potential Rise,” in International Conference on Power Systems Transients, Perpignan, França, 2019.
R. L. Smith-Rose, “The Electrical Properties of Soil for Alternating Currents at Radio Frequencies,” Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 140, no. 841, pp. 359–377, 1933.
J. He, R. Zeng e B. Zhang, Methodology and Technology for Power System Grounding. 1st ed. Wiley – IEEE Press, 2013, pp. 31–35.
S. Visacro, “A comprehensive approach to the grounding response to lightning currents,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 381–386, Jan. 2007.
A. M. Mousa, “The soil ionization gradient associated with discharge of high currents into concentrated electrodes,” in IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 1669-1677, July 1994.
N. Harid et al., “On the analysis of impulse test results on grounding systems,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 5324–5334, Jun. 2015.
A. Habjanic and M. Trlep, “The simulation of the soil ionization phenomenon around the grounding system by the finite element method,” in IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 867-870, April 2006.
H. Chen, Y. Du, “Lightning grounding grid model considering both the frequency-dependent behavior and ionization phenomenon,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 157–165, Jan. 2018.
M. Moradi, “Analysis of Transient Performance of Grounding System Considering Frequency-Dependent Soil Parameters and Ionization,” in IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 785-797, June 2020.
S. Sekioka, “Frequency and current-dependent grounding resistance model for lightning surge analysis,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 419–425, Jul. 2018.
M. Mokhtari, Z. Abdul-Malek, Z. Salam, “An improved circuit-based model of a grounding electrode by considering the current rate of rise and soil ionization factors,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 211–219, Aug. 2014.
G. Celli, E. Ghiani, e F. Pilo, “Behaviour of grounding systems: A quasi-static EMTP model and its validation,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 85, pp. 24–29, 2012.
C. M. Seixas e S. Kurokawa, “Using circuit elements to represent the distributed parameters of a grounding systems under lightning strokes,” in 2017 International Symposium on Lightning Protection (XIV SIPDA), Natal, Brazil, 2-6 Oct. 2017, pp.28–34.
A. De Conti e R. Alípio, “Single-port equivalent circuit representation of grounding systems based on impedance fitting,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 1683–1685, Sept. 2018.
A. Manunza, “Grounding grids in electro-magnetic transient simulations with frequency dependent equivalent circuit,” Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 116, p. 105546, Mar. 2020.
A. F. Andrade et al., “Analysis of the Frequency Response of a Grounding System Using the Finite Element Method,” in Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, Bálint Németh, Ed. 1 ed. Suíça: Springer, 2019, pp. 1491–1501.
M. Loboda and Z. Pochanke, “A numerical identification of dynamic model parameters of surge soil conduction based on experimental data,” in 21st International Conference on Lightning Protection, Berlim, 21-25 Sept. 1992, pp. 139–143.
R. A. C. Altafim et al., “One-port nonlinear electric circuit for simulating grounding systems under impulse current,” Electric. Power Syst. Res., vol. 130, pp. 259–265, Jan. 2016.
M. F. B. R. Gonçalves et al. “Grounding system models for electric current impulse,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 177, p. 105981, Dec. 2019.
K. Berger, R.B. Anderson and H. Kroninger, “Parameters of Lightning Flashes,” Electra, No. 41, pp. 23-37, July 1975.
R. Alipio and S. Visacro, “Modeling the Frequency Dependence of Electrical Parameters of Soil,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1163-1171, Oct. 2014.
A. F. Andrade, E. G. Costa, M. F. Gonçalves, G. R. Lira, and R. Teixeira, “Modeling grounding systems response to current impulses considering nonlinear effects,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 2021.
S. Sekioka, M. I. Lorentzou, M. P. Philippakou and J. M. Prousalidis, “Current-dependent grounding resistance model based on energy balance of soil ionization,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 194-201, Jan. 2006.
A. C. Liew e M. Darveniza, “Dynamic model of impulse characteristics of concentrated earths,” Proc. IEE, vol. 121, no. 2, pp. 123-135, Fev. 1974.