Ester of palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) as a dehydrating additive for crude oils
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
A dehydrating additive acts by breaking the emulsion of the water contained in the crude oil, causing the drops to come together, increase in size and fall by gravity, thus separating. Esters have been proposed for this purpose, so the present work evaluated the use of palm oil ester (Elaeis guineensis) as a possible crude dehydrator. The research began with the obtaining of a biodiesel which was then glycosidated to produce the ester, both their compositions were known through the application of infrared spectroscopy (IR), showing only differences between the two in the period of 3100 and 3700 cm-1 due to glucose. A crude oil sample was characterized, turning out to be of a medium type according to the provisions of the American Petroleum Institute (API), it also presented a percentage (%) of water and sediments of two. Subsequently, the dehydrating product was formulated by adding Xylene to the glucosidated ester (90% Xylene-10% of the ester). Three concentrations were prepared (100, 200 and 300 ppm) and the bottle test was carried out, obtaining satisfactory results because the additive managed to break the emulsion and coalesced all the water contained in the crude to the lowest concentration (100 ppm) in a time of 60 min. By applying a non-parametric Fredman test (α= 0.05) it was shown that there are no statistically significant differences between the proposed dehydrating agent and a commercial one. It was concluded that the product is efficient for the use that was required.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Los autores conservan los derechos de autor y ceden a la revista el derecho de la primera publicación y pueda editarlo, reproducirlo, distribuirlo, exhibirlo y comunicarlo en el país y en el extranjero mediante medios impresos y electrónicos. Asimismo, asumen el compromiso sobre cualquier litigio o reclamación relacionada con derechos de propiedad intelectual, exonerando de responsabilidad a la Editorial Tecnológica de Costa Rica. Además, se establece que los autores pueden realizar otros acuerdos contractuales independientes y adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión del artículo publicado en esta revista (p. ej., incluirlo en un repositorio institucional o publicarlo en un libro) siempre que indiquen claramente que el trabajo se publicó por primera vez en esta revista.
References
Y. Mingxu, J. Huang, and J. Wang, “Research on Crude Oil Demulsification Using the Combined Method of Ultrasound and Chemical Demulsifier,” Journal of Chemistry, pp. 1-7, 2017.
M. Chuiza, “Estudio comparativo de la deshidratación de emulsiones agua en aceite (w/o) en crudos medianos y pesados usando extractos de hojas de mora y corteza de pino,” Revista Ciencia e Ingeniería, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 149-156, 2019.
D. Nguyen and N. Sadeghi, “Selection of the Right Demulsifier for Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery,” in SPE International Symposium on Oilfield Chemistry , The Woodlands, Texas , 2011.
I. Velasquez and J. Pereira, “Emulsiones de agua en crudo. Aspectos Generales ,”Revista Ingeniería UC, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 45 - 54 , 2014.
C. Romano, “Control del agua,” Oilfield Review.
S. Marfisi and J. Salager, Deshidratación de crudo. Principio y tecnología. Mérida, Venezuela: Universidad de los Andes, 2004.
P. Kilpatrick, “Water-in-crude oil emulsion stabilization: Review and unanswered questions.,” Energy & Fuels, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 4017–4026, 2012.
B. Pérez and F. Garfias, “Deshidratación del crudo Maya mediante un campo eléctrico de corriente continua ,” Revista de la Sociedad Química de México, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 227-234, 2002.
S. Melek, J. Hernández, A. Moro, and Y. Silveira, “Comportamiento reológico de emulsiones de agua en petróleo (w/o) tratadas magnéticamente ,” Revista Tecnología Química, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 58-69, 2018.
E. Martínez, L. Acosta, and F. Ramírez, “Emulsificación de petróleo crudo para su trasporte por oleoductos,” Ing. Investig. y Tecnol, vol. 17, pp. 395–403, 2016.
M. Nurainia, H. Abdurahmanab, and A. Kholijaha, “Efect of chemical breaking agents on water-in-crude oil emulsion system,” International Journal of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 250–254, 2011.
R. Kumar, “Studies on the Effect of Surfactants on Rheology of Synthetic Crude,” Journal of Petroleum Science Research, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 90-99, 2014.
RM Palou, “Transportation of heavy and extra-heavy crude oil by pipeline: A review,” Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 274-282, 2011.
A. Abdel, R. Abdel, and R. Abdul, “Sugar-based ethoxylated amine surfactants as demulsifiers for crude oil emulsions: 2-demulsification of different types of crudes,” Braziliam journal of Petroleum and Gas, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 155-165 , 2010.
M. Chuiza, Y. Rivera, J. Ramírez, and H. Garmendia, “Estudio experimental de la deshidratación de un crudo mediano usando extractos de hojas de mora y corteza de pino ,” Revista Ciencia e Ingeniería, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 279-286, 2018.
J. Wu, Y. Xu, T. Dabros, and H. Hamza, “Effect of Demulsifier Properties on Destabilization of Water-in-Oil Emulsion,” Energy & Fuels, vol. 17, pp. 1554-1559, 2003.
B. Aliyu, A. Abu, “Assessment of Plant Extracts as Green Demulsifiers,” Journal of the Japan Petroleum Institute, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 186-193, 2017.
H. Zhou, K. Dismuke, N.. Lett, and Penny. G., “Development of More Environmentally Friendly Demulsifiers,” in International Symposium and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control , Louisiana, 2012.
P. Benjumea, P. Agudelo, and G. Cano, “Estudio experimental de las variables que afectan la reacción de transesterificación del aceite crudo de palma para la producción de biodiesel,” Scientia Et Technica, vol. X, no. 24, pp. 169-174, 2004.
Internacional Organization for Standardization [ISO], “Aceites y grasas de origen animal y vegetal. Determinación del índice de acidez y de la acidez ,” Ginebra, Norma ISO 660 2009.
American Society for Testing and Materials [ASTM], “Standard Test Methods for Rheological Properties of Non-Newtonian Materials by Rotational (Brookfield type) Viscometer,” West Conshohocken PA, Norma ASTM D2196 - 20 2015.
American Society for Testing and Materials [ASTM], “Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity, Apparent, of Liquid Industrial Chemicals,” West Conshohocken, Norma ASTM D891 2009.
European Committee for Standardization [CEN], “Liquid petroleum products. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for use in diesel engines and heating applications. Requirements and test methods,” Bruselas, Norma BS EN 14214 2012.
V. Melo and O. Cuamatzi, Bioquímica de los procesos metabólicos, 3rd ed. Ciudad de México, México: Editorial Reverté, 2006.
American Society for Testing and Materials [ASTM], “Standard Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method),” West Conshohocken, PA, Norma ASTM D287 2012.
American Society for Testing and Materials [ASTM], “Standard Test Method for Water and Sediment in Crude Oil by the Centrifuge Method (Laboratorym Procedure),” West Conshohocken PA, Norma ASTM D4007 2016.
American Society for Testing and Materials [ASTM], “Standard Test Method for Characteristic Groups in Rubber Extender and Processing Oils and Other Petroleum-Derived Oils by the Clay-Gel Absorption Chromatographic Method,” West Conshohocken, PA, Norma ASTM D2007 2011.
Ecopetrol, “Pruebas de botella para selección de especies químicas deshidratantes en crudos,” Huíla, Metodología ante fallas técnicas para el contrato 5210390 2011.
S. Rincón and D. Martínez, “Análisis de las propiedades del aceite de palma en el desarrollo de su industria,” Medellin, Investigación Cenipalma 2009.
J. Gandón, Y. Torres, and M. García, “Caracterización de un biocombustible obtenido a partir de aceite vegetal de desecho ,” Tecnología Química, vol. XXXVII, no. 2, pp. 278-292, 2017.
A. Alonso et al., “Obtención y caracterización de biodiesel a partir de aceite crudo de la palma africana Elaeis guineensis,” Ingeniería, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 103-109, 2013.
A. Bouaid, M. Martínez, and A. Aracil, “Production of biodiesel from bioethanol and Brassica carinata oil: Oxidation stability study,” Bioresource Technology , vol. 100, pp. 2234-2239 , 2009.
J. Zapata and E. Orozco, “Evaluación de la síntesis de surfactantes a partir de,” Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia- Venezuela, Trabajo de grado 2018.
Y. Bello, J. Manzano, and T. Marín, “Análisis comparativo de la eficiencia dispersora de asfaltenos de productos a base de aceite de coco (Cocus nucifera) como componente activo y dispersantes comerciales aplicados a muestras de petróleo del Campo el Furrial, estado Monagas, Venezuela ,” Revista Tecnológica ESPOL – RTE, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 51-61, 2015.
A. Sulaiman and S. Abdulsalam, “Formulation of Demulsifiers from Locally Sourced Raw Materials for Treatment of a Typical Nigerian Crude Oil Emulsion,” in The Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition, Lagos, Nigeria, 2016.
American Society for Testing and Materials [ASTM] , “Standard Test Method for Flash Point by the Equilibrium Method With a Closed-Cup Apparatus,” West Conshohocken PA, Norma ASTM D-92 2014.