Modeling and optimization of operational parameters in pneumatic seeders to enhance corn (Zea mays) germination in humid tropical conditions in Costa Rica
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This study presents the modeling and optimization of pneumatic seeder calibration parameters to improve corn (Zea mays) germination under humid tropical conditions in clay-rich soils of Costa Rica. A factorial experimental design was implemented to evaluate the influence of seed quality, seeding velocity, soil texture, moisture content, and vacuum pressure on seed placement accuracy, germination rate, and plant population density. Results indicate that high soil moisture enhances plant establishment, while moderate water stress promotes increased plant height, revealing a trade-off between density and vigor. Vacuum pressure emerged as the most critical operational factor, significantly improving seed placement and germination uniformity. Excessive seeding speeds negatively affected emergence consistency. The effect of clay content was significant only when interacting with mechanical and environmental variables. A predictive model was developed and validated, integrating moisture, vacuum pressure, and velocity to accurately estimate plant population under varying field conditions. These findings provide actionable insights for precision calibration of pneumatic seeders, contributing to improved crop establishment and productivity in tropical agricultural systems with challenging soil textures.
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