Modelado y optimización de parámetros operativos en sembradoras neumáticas para el cultivo de maíz (Zea mays) en el trópico húmedo de Costa Rica
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Este estudio se enfocó en la optimización de la calibración de una sembradora neumática para el cultivo de maíz (Zea mays) en condiciones del trópico húmedo de Costa Rica, específicamente en suelos con alto contenido de arcilla. Se evaluaron los efectos de la calidad de la semilla, velocidad de siembra, textura del suelo, humedad y presión de vacío de la sembradora sobre la germinación y la población de plantas. Los resultados mostraron que la humedad elevada favorece el establecimiento de plantas, mientras que niveles moderados de estrés hídrico promueven mayor altura, evidenciando un compromiso entre densidad y vigor. La presión de vacío fue el parámetro operativo más determinante, mejorando la colocación y germinación de las semillas, mientras que velocidades excesivas redujeron la uniformidad en el establecimiento. El contenido de arcilla mostró efectos significativos solo en interacción con factores mecánicos y ambientales. Se desarrolló un modelo predictivo que integra humedad, presión y velocidad, el cual permite estimar con precisión la población de plantas bajo distintas condiciones operativas y edáficas. Los hallazgos ofrecen directrices prácticas para mejorar la eficiencia de siembra, la uniformidad de emergencia y la productividad en sistemas agrícolas del trópico húmedo.
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