Inducción de mutaciones y biotecnología vegetal para la producción de cultivos resistentes a condiciones de estrés y con mayor rendimiento
Barra lateral del artículo
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
Las mutaciones y la variabilidad genética causada por estas desempeñan un rol fundamental
en el mejoramiento genético de las plantas. La inducción de mutaciones o mutagénesis
representa una opción rápida y efectiva para el desarrollo de nuevas variedades que conservan
los niveles óptimos de productividad en entornos desafiantes para la agricultura. La inducción
de mutaciones puede ser llevada a cabo mediante el uso de agentes físicos, agentes químicos
o herramientas de edición génica. El empleo conjunto de la mutagénesis con técnicas de
cultivo in vitro de tejidos permite establecer estrategias de selección eficientes y rentables. El
presente artículo ofrece una breve recopilación sobre la inducción de mutaciones, las técnicas
más empleadas para dicho fin y algunas mejoras obtenidas en diferentes cultivos, con relación
al estrés biótico, al estrés abiótico y al rendimiento productivo. Finalmente, se examina el
panorama histórico del mejoramiento genético mediante la inducción de mutaciones en Costa
Rica; específicamente, en los cultivos de mayor relevancia económica y social para el país.
Detalles del artículo
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