Contabilización de Contratos de Futuros, Opciones, Forwards y Swaps (Accounting treatment for future, options, forwards and swap contracts)
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Abstract
Un entorno cada vez más dinámico y evolutivo ha dado paso al surgimiento y, por ende, al uso cada vez más frecuente de instrumentos financieros cuya flexibilidad y capacidad de ajuste a las condiciones de mercado permitan a las personas y empresas lograr sus objetivos de operación, inversión y financiamiento.
En el contexto antes descrito, los contratos de futuros, opciones, forwards y swaps representan mecanismos cuyas características operativas permiten a sus tenedores el logro de objetivos alternativos tales como la cobertura eficaz de diferentes tipos de riesgos o la obtención de ganancias o pérdidas derivadas de la especulación.
El presente artículo pretende reseñar, en forma breve, los mecanismos de operación de los contratos de futuros, opciones, forwards y swaps, para luego enfatizar en los criterios de contabilización que toda entidad o intermediario financiero debe seguir para reconocer los efectos que dichos tipos de contratos tienen sobre su posición financiera, resultados de operación y flujos de efectivo.
ABSTRACT
A rapidly changing and evolving environment has given rise and increased the use of financial tools whose flexibility and adjusting capabilities to variable market conditions allow individuals and companies to achieve their operating, investment and financial goals.
Within this framework, contracts for futures, options, forwards and swaps provide mechanisms with operating characteristics that allow their tenants to achieve alternative objectives such as the effective coverage of different risks or the attaining of profits or losses as a result of speculation.
This article attempts to resume the operating mechanisms of futures, options, forwards and swap contracts and then concentrates into the accounting criteria that must be followed by financial intermediaries or entities to recognize the effects such contracts have on their financial position, operational results and cash flow.
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